Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of symptoms that relate to the menstrual cycle. PMS symptoms occur in the week or two weeks before menstruation (also known as monthly bleeding or "period"), the discomforts usually go away when menstruation begins. While any woman in childbearing age can be affected, it most likely occurs between a woman's late 20s and early 40s, where its incidence is up to 75%. PMS symptoms are more often experienced by women who have given birth, a family history of a major depressive disorder, or a medical history of postpartum depression. The exact causes of PMS are unknown, and it may be associated with social, cultural, biological and mental factors.

 PMS is the most common gynecological problem among women; over 150 symptoms are associated with it. Some women only have mild symptoms, while some others suffer greatly. The experiences vary from person to person, and each woman's symptoms may vary from month to month too. Diagnosis is usually symptom based , so an accurate medical history is very important during consultation; blood and urine studies or additional tests are used to rule out other possible health conditions before a diagnosis of PMS is generally made.

Common physical symptoms for PMS include:

• Breast swelling and tenderness
• Abdominal bloating, heaviness, constipation or diarrhea
• Digestive disorders
• Headaches, especially migraines
• Dizziness
• Backache and cramps
• Puffiness in the face, feet or hands
• Joint and muscle pain
• Palpitations
• Urinary frequency
• Increased thirst
• Reduced tolerance to alcohol
• Flare-ups of acne

Common psychological symptoms for PMS include:

• Food cravings especially for sweets and salty
• Feelings of tension or anxiety
• Mood swings
• Crying spells
• Irritability
• Fatigue
• Lethargy
• Depression
• Insomnia or increased sleepiness
• Forgetfulness or mental confusion
• Panic attacks
• Aggressive or violent behavior

Due to inadequate understanding of the causes for PMS, doctors may try a variety of treatment approaches before arriving at an effective therapy or combination of therapies for PMS patients. Lifestyle modifications, healthy eating and regular exercise provide some relief.

If PMS does not resolve with self-care methods, medications like prostaglandin inhibitors, antidepressants, antianxiety or other hormonal medications may be prescribed according to symptoms, and can achieve significant relief.