高血壓
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 定義
西醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 成因
西醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 症狀
西醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 診斷
西醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
高血壓 : 治療
西醫
1. 改善生活模式
改善生活模式對預防高血壓非常重要，同時亦可作為臨界性及I 期高血壓等心臟尚未有損害的患者的治療手段。
改善措施包括肥胖人士應減肥。飲酒量宜控制在每天啤酒少於720毫升，餐酒少於300毫升或100度威士忌60毫升，女士及肥胖人士必須將上述建議酒量減半。適量的有氧運動如每星期進行數次跑步(30-45分鐘/次)可降壓。減少食鹽量至每日2.4克也有幫助。
吸煙使降壓藥效減弱，血壓持續上升，增加患心臟病的危險，所以必須戒煙。
健康的飲食習慣可減低風險。在服藥的高血壓患者，良好的飲食習慣可使服藥量保持在低水平，有益食物包括全麥、水果、疏菜、瘦肉及低脂乳類。
2. 降壓目標
改善生活方案需嘗試6至12個月。如效果不理想，就需開始服藥。但在某些情況可能會立刻服用降壓藥，要視乎血壓高低、額外的高危因素及是否有併發症出現。例如糖尿病人血壓達130/80 mmHg時就要服藥。
3. 自我監察血壓
在家自己測量血壓對病情有幫助，在安靜放鬆的狀態下能測出最準確的血壓。某些病人在診所面對醫務人員時變得非常焦慮，因而影響血壓結果，這種情況又稱"白袍高血壓"。 自我測量血壓對服用藥物人士有監察作用，可了解藥物反應並及時調整藥物劑量。雖然正規血壓計測量最準確，市面上也有其他 更方便的應用設備 如電子血壓計，這些設備須小心遵循說明書使用以達理想效果。另外血壓計袖帶尺碼亦要適中，而電池亦要時常更換。儘管自我監察血壓非常重要，但患者仍要前往醫生處作定期覆診。
4. 藥物治療
市面上有多種降血壓藥物，降壓同時亦減低了患心臟病、腎病及中風的危險。多數藥物每天只需服一次，開始時應服用最低劑量，以防止因血壓突然下降而出現的不良反應，藥物調節時間要因應病人的接受力及反應，而每一或兩個月作調整。患者應盡量在每天同一時間服藥以減少血壓的波動。某些情況下患者需服用多種藥物，這些藥物可能會產生不良副作用，覆診時須需向醫生報告有關不良反應，以便替換其它降壓藥。如果沒有不良反應就應堅持服藥。
降血壓藥物分類
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| 降壓藥物種類 | 藥物效用 | 代表藥物名稱 | 不良反應及注意事項 |
| 利尿藥 | 作用於腎臟，可排泄多餘的水份及鈉質，使血容量減少而令血壓下降。此藥可單獨使用或和其他降壓藥同用。 | Hydrochlorothiazide Chlorthalidone Furosemide |
可能引起血鉀過低，用橙汁或香蕉補充。應早上服藥，以避免晚上服藥引致多尿。 |
| 腎上腺素能受體 -β阻滯劑 | 減少刺激心臟及血管的神經衝動，使心臟的搏動減慢及減弱，血壓會因而下降，心臟負荷量也減輕。 | Atenolol Metoprolol Propranolol |
疲倦、心率減慢、性功能不良。糖尿病及哮喘病人要小心，可能會隱藏低血糖症狀。 |
| 血管緊張素轉化酵素抑制劑 | 此藥物阻止體內一種激素稱血管緊張素II的生成，阻止血管收縮，血壓就會下降。 | Lisinopril Enalapril Captopril Benazepril |
咳嗽、皮疹、高血鉀。避免吃過量鉀鹽補充劑(如橙汁等)，要遵遁醫生指引，懷孕不能服用。 |
| 鈣拮抗劑 | 阻止鈣離子進入心臟及血管的肌肉，使心臟及血管的肌肉放鬆，血壓就會下降。 | Amlodipine Nifedipine XL Diltiazem Verapamil |
頭痛、面紅、暈眩、下肢水腫 |
| 血管緊張素受體阻滯劑 | 阻止血管接收一種稱為血管緊張素II的激素，血管因而不能收縮，血壓就會下降。 | Losartan Valsartan Candesartan |
頭痛、暈眩、高血鉀、懷孕不能服用。 |
| 腎上腺素能受體 - α阻滯劑 | 減少刺激血管的神經衝動，使血液更易流過外周血管，血壓就會下降。 | Doxazosin Terazosin |
首次服用出現暈厥、暈眩、頭痛，應睡前服用。 |
| 中樞性作用藥物 | 作用於腦部或主要神經系統，使外周血管擴張血壓下降。 | Clonidine | 突然停服會出現反射性高血壓，另外服用期間有睡意、口乾及抑鬱。 |
| 血管擴張劑 | 直接使血管壁舒張，管腔擴張血壓下降。 | Hydralazine | 頭痛、水腫及心率加快。 |
降壓藥須需遵照醫生指示服用，如不良反應嚴重一定要告訴醫生。
婦女如發現懷孕要盡快通知醫生。
** 高血壓治療與謎思
中醫
標本兼治是中醫治療高血壓病的基本原則，治療方法可分為治標、治本兩大類；另外中醫講究辨証，在標本兼治的基礎上，根據每位患者實際証候來配伍藥物。中醫認為高血壓病變主要在肝、腎二臟，故治療應以調整該臟之陰陽盛衰為要旨。以下是一些方劑舉例：
1. 肝陽上亢
治則：平肝潛陽，清火熄風
舉例方劑：天麻鈎藤飲
2. 陰虛陽亢
治則：育陰，潛陽
舉例方劑：鎮肝熄風湯
3. 陰陽兩虛
治則：溫腎陽，補腎陰，瀉腎火，調沖任
舉例方劑：二仙湯
4. 肝風痰濁
治則：化痰，熄風，通絡
5. 瘀血阻絡
治則：活血化瘀
舉例方劑：血府逐瘀湯 加減
6. 無症狀型
治則：益腎，養肝，降血壓
舉例方劑：六味地黃丸 合生地、杜仲、鈎藤、白芍、丹參、菊花、甘草等
注意高血壓是持久的，甚至終身疾病，患者必須堅持長期治療調養，以達到降血壓，消除症狀，長期鞏固，預防併發症的目的。
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 預防
西醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
潰瘍性結腸炎 : 參考
西醫參考
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
中醫
** Do not stop taking medications without consulting a physician first. Notify your doctor if side effects become too troublesome. Also, women should notify their doctor immediately if they suspect they are pregnant because the medicine can be harmful.
